The following step-by-step procedure can be used to install a development environment of openstreetmap-carto exploiting TileMill on an Ubuntu PC.1
Tilemill was the original tool for the development of the openstreetmap-carto style. It moved out of the Mapbox profile and shifted to an open source community-driven organization, with its own organization and contributor model: tilemill-project. At the moment, the suggested tool for the autohoring of OpenStreetMap stylesheets is Kosmtik. TileMill is not officially supported.
Additional information:
A PostGIS database is needed and can be installed locally (suggested) or remotely (might be slow, depending on the network).
This site also logs a procedure to install Tilemill on Windows, exploiting an old Windows package that has not been updated since years. Even if it was valid in the past, its version limitations produce incompatibility with the current release of openstreetmap-carto. The process to install Tilemill is using Ubuntu, as described in this page.
The goal for this procedure is to use Ubuntu packages and official PPAs whenever possible.
We consider using Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS Focal Fossa, or 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver, suggested operating system version.
Other tested O.S. include Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus, Ubuntu 15.4 Vivid Vervet or Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS Trusty Tahr (other versions should work). All should be 64-bit computing architecture. Other distributions like Debian might be checked, but could require changes to the installation procedure.
This procedure is updated to the version of OpenStreetMap Carto available at the time of writing. To get the correct installation procedure, the INSTALL history should be checked, considering that the OpenStreetMap Carto maintainers use to keep the INSTALL page updated. Check also the README changelog.
This procedure also supports WSL - Windows Subsystem for Linux. This means that a Windows 10 64-bit PC can be used to perform the installation, after setting-up WSL.
Make sure your Ubuntu system is fully up-to-date:
lsb_release -a
Previous command returns the Ubuntu version.
To update the system:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade
If on a brand new system you also want to do sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo shutdown -r now.
sudo apt-get -y install ca-certificates gnupg curl unzip gdal-bin \
tar wget bzip2 build-essential clang python3-psycopg2 python3-yaml \
python3-requests postgresql-client
Optional elements:
sudo apt-get -y install munin-node munin protobuf-c-compiler libtiff5-dev
libcairomm-1.0-dev libagg-dev lua5.1 liblua5.1-0-dev
Check prerequisites suggested by openstreetmap-carto.
For the subsequent installation steps, we suppose that cd defaults to your home directory.
Importing and managing map data takes a lot of RAM and a swap is generally needed.
To check whether a swap partition is already configured on your system, use one of the following two commands:
Reports the swap usage summary (no output means missing swap):
swapon -s
Display amount of free and used memory in the system (check the line specifying Swap):
free -h
If you do not have an active swap partition, especially if your physical memory is small, you should add a swap file. First we use fallocate command to create a file. For example, create a file named swapfile with 2G capacity in root file system:
sudo fallocate -l 2G /swapfile
Then make sure only root can read and write to it.
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
Format it to swap:
sudo mkswap /swapfile
Enable the swap file
sudo swapon /swapfile
The Operating System tuning adopted by the OpenStreetMap tile servers can be found in the related Chef configuration.
Run locale to list what locales are currently defined for the current user account:
locale
To set the en_GB locale:
export LANGUAGE=en_GB.UTF-8
export LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
export LC_ALL=en_GB.UTF-8
The exported variables can be put to the file /etc/environment.
New locales can also be generated by issuing:
sudo locale-gen en_GB en_GB.UTF-8
sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
Git might come already preinstalled sometimes.
git --version # to verify whether git is already installed
sudo apt-get install -y git
Install Node.js with Ubuntu 20.04 LTS:
# Check installations:
node -v
nodejs -v
npm -v
# If components needs to be installed, run the following:
sudo apt install -y nodejs npm
Go to Check Node.js versions.
Additional notes on Node.js: other modes to install it:
A list of useful commands to manage Node.js is available at a specific page.
The above reported Node.js version also supports installing TileMill and Carto.
The recent versions of Ubuntu come with Node.js (nodejs package) and npm (npm package) in the default repositories. Depending on which Ubuntu version you’re running, those packages may contain outdated releases; the one coming with Ubuntu 16.04 will not be the latest, but it should be stable and sufficient to run Kosmtik and Carto. TileMill instead needs nodejs-legacy (or an old version of node installed via a Node.js version management tool).
For TileMill we will install nodejs-legacy:
sudo apt-get install -y nodejs-legacy npm
nodejs -v
npm -v
Alternatively, a suggested approach is using a Node.js version management tool, which simplifies the interactive management of different Node.js versions and allows performing the upgrade to the latest one. We will use n.
Install n:
mkdir -p ~/src ; cd ~/src
git clone https://github.com/tj/n.git
cd n
sudo make install # To uninstall: sudo make uninstall
cd ..
Some programs (like Kosmtik and carto) accept the latest LTS node version (sudo n lts), other ones (like Tilemill) run with v6.14.1 (sudo n 6.14.1).
For TileMill we will install the old node version:
sudo n 6.14.1
To get the installed version numbers:
node -v
npm -v
Optional elements (needed for the topcube module related to the client user interface, not needed if TileMill will only be run in server mode):
# Install the topcube module, UI prerequisite to TileMill:
sudo apt-get install -y libgtk2.0-dev libwebkit-dev libwebkitgtk-dev
Installation of TileMill:
mkdir -p ~/src ; cd ~/src
git clone https://github.com/tilemill-project/tilemill.git
cd ~/src/tilemill
npm install
In case the installation fails, this is possibly due to some incompatibility with npm/Node.js; to fix this, try downgrading the Node.js version.
To perform a preliminary test of the application, see Start TileMill: a simple run without openstreetmap-carto will work; then you need to go back to this point to proceed with the installation of openstreetmap-carto and PostGIS, including data load.
The application also provides some unit tests:
cd ~/src/tilemill
npm test # you can also run TileMill to test: see "Start TileMill" below.
Notice that some test might not pass (this does not mean that the installation is necessarily failed)
Notice also that, when running npm test, an error like the following indicates that your system does not have a modern enough libstdc++/gcc-base toolchain:
Error: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version GLIBCXX_3.4.20 not found (required by /node_modules/osrm/lib/binding/osrm.node)
If you are running Ubuntu older than 16.04 you can easily upgrade your libstdc++ version like:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update -y
sudo apt-get install -y libstdc++-5-dev
Read node-mapnik for further information.
Check that Python is installed:
sudo apt-get install -y python3 python3-distutils
# Verify Python installation:
python -V
python3 -V
This is necessary in order to run OpenStreetMap-Carto scripts/indexes.
sudo apt-get install -y python-yaml
pip -V # to verify whether pip is already installed
sudo apt-get install -y python3-pip
python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
The Mapnik Utilities package includes shapeindex.
sudo apt-get install -y mapnik-utils
mkdir -p /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
git clone https://github.com/gravitystorm/openstreetmap-carto.git
cd openstreetmap-carto
Read installation notes for further information.
Currently Noto fonts are used.
To install them (except Noto Emoji Regular and Noto Sans Arabic UI Regular/Bold):
sudo apt-get install -y fonts-noto-cjk fonts-noto-hinted fonts-noto-unhinted fonts-hanazono ttf-unifont
Installation of Noto fonts (hinted ones should be used if available2):
cd ~/src
git clone https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-emoji.git
git clone https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts.git
sudo cp noto-emoji/fonts/NotoColorEmoji.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-emoji/fonts/NotoEmoji-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansArabicUI/NotoSansArabicUI-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoNaskhArabicUI/NotoNaskhArabicUI-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansArabicUI/NotoSansArabicUI-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoNaskhArabicUI/NotoNaskhArabicUI-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansAdlam/NotoSansAdlam-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansAdlamUnjoined/NotoSansAdlamUnjoined-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansChakma/NotoSansChakma-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansOsage/NotoSansOsage-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansSinhalaUI/NotoSansSinhalaUI-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansArabicUI/NotoSansArabicUI-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansCherokee/NotoSansCherokee-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansSinhalaUI/NotoSansSinhalaUI-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansSymbols/NotoSansSymbols-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansArabicUI/NotoSansArabicUI-Bold.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/unhinted/ttf/NotoSansSymbols2/NotoSansSymbols2-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/hinted/ttf/NotoSansBalinese/NotoSansBalinese-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
sudo cp noto-fonts/archive/hinted/NotoSansSyriac/NotoSansSyriac-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
mkdir NotoSansSyriacEastern-unhinted
cd NotoSansSyriacEastern-unhinted
wget https://noto-website-2.storage.googleapis.com/pkgs/NotoSansSyriacEastern-unhinted.zip
unzip NotoSansSyriacEastern-unhinted.zip
sudo cp NotoSansSyriacEastern-Regular.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/noto
cd ..
sudo apt install fontconfig
At the end:
sudo fc-cache -fv
fc-list
fc-list | grep Emoji
DejaVu Sans is used as an optional fallback font for systems without Noto Sans. If all the Noto fonts are installed, it should never be used.
sudo apt-get install -y fonts-dejavu-core
Read font notes for further information.
The unifont Medium font (lowercase label), which was included in past OS versions, now is no more available and substituted by Unifont Medium (uppercase). Warnings related to the unavailability of unifont Medium are not relevant3 and are due to the old decision of OpenStreetMap maintainers to support both the past Ubuntu 12.04 font and the newer version (uppercase).
One way to avoid the warning is removing the reference to “unifont Medium” in openstreetmap-carto/style.xml.
Another alternative way to remove the lowercase unifont Medium warning is installing the old “unifont Medium” font (used by Ubuntu 12.10):
mkdir -p ~/src ; cd ~/src
mkdir OldUnifont
cd OldUnifont
wget http://http.debian.net/debian/pool/main/u/unifont/unifont_5.1.20080914.orig.tar.gz
tar xvfz unifont_5.1.20080914.orig.tar.gz unifont-5.1.20080914/font/precompiled/unifont.ttf
sudo cp unifont-5.1.20080914/font/precompiled/unifont.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/unifont/OldUnifont.ttf
sudo fc-cache -fv
fc-list | grep -i unifont # both uppercase and lowercase fonts will be listed
Notice that above installation operation is useless, just removes the warning.
export PGHOST=localhost
export PGPORT=5432
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGPASSWORD=postgres_007%
If you are preparing a remote virtual machine, configure the firewall to allow remote access to the local port 20009.
If you run a cloud based VM, also the VM itself shall be set to open this port.
PostgreSQL is a relational database, and PostGIS is its spatial extender, which allows you to store geographic objects like map data in it; it serves a similar function to ESRI’s SDE or Oracle’s Spatial extension. PostgreSQL + PostGIS are used for a wide variety of features such as rendering maps, geocoding, and analysis.
Currently the tested versions for OpenstreetMap Carto are PostgreSQL 10 and PostGIS 2.4:
Also older or newer PostgreSQL version should be suitable.
On Ubuntu there are pre-packaged versions of both postgis and postgresql, so these can simply be installed via the Ubuntu package manager.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y postgresql postgis
Optional components:
sudo apt-get install -y postgresql-contrib postgresql-12-postgis-3 postgresql-12-postgis-3-scripts
You need to start the db:
sudo service postgresql start
Note: used PostgreSQL port is 5432 (default).
Now you need to create a PostGIS database. The defaults of various programs including openstreetmap-carto (ref. project.mml) assume the database is called gis. You need to create a PostgreSQL database and set up a PostGIS extension on it.
The character encoding scheme to be used in the database is UTF8 and the adopted collation is en_GB.utf8. (The U&"..." escaped Unicode syntax used in project.mml should work only when the server encoding is UTF8. This is also in line with what reported in the PostgreSQL Chef configuration code.)
sudo -u postgres createuser -s $USER
createdb gis --encoding="UTF8" --lc-collate="en_GB.UTF-8" --lc-ctype="en_GB.UTF-8" --template=template0
psql -d gis -c 'CREATE EXTENSION postgis; CREATE EXTENSION hstore;'
Note: ERROR: invalid locale name: "en_GB.UTF-8" means that en_GB.UTF-8 locale has not been installed. After installing locale, the database shall be restarted in order to be able to load the locale.
Go to the next step.
If in different host:
export PGHOST=localhost
export PGPORT=5432
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGPASSWORD=postgres_007%
HOSTNAME=localhost # set it to the actual ip address or host name
createdb gis --host="$HOSTNAME" --encoding="UTF8" --lc-collate="en_GB.UTF-8" --lc-ctype="en_GB.UTF-8" --template=template0
If you get the following error:
ERROR: invalid locale name: "en_GB.utf8"
then you need to add ‘en_GB.utf8’ locale using the following command:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
And select “en_GB.UTF-8 UTF-8” in the first screen (“Locales to be generated”). Subsequently, restarting the db would be suggested:
sudo service postgresql restart
If you get the following error:
ERROR: new collation (en_GB.utf8) is incompatible with the collation of the template database (en_US.UTF-8)
HINT: Use the same collation as in the template database, or use template0 as template.
you need to use template0 for gis:
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "CREATE DATABASE gis ENCODING 'UTF-8' LC_COLLATE 'en_GB.utf8' LC_CTYPE 'en_GB.utf8' TEMPLATE template0"
# alternative command: createdb -E UTF8 -l en_GB.UTF8 -O postgres -T template0 gis
If you get the following error:
ERROR: new encoding (UTF8) is incompatible with the encoding of the template database (SQL_ASCII)
HINT: Use the same encoding as in the template database, or use template0 as template.
(error generally happening with Ubuntu on Windows with WSL), then add also TEMPLATE template0; e.g., use the following command:
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "CREATE DATABASE gis ENCODING 'UTF-8' LC_COLLATE 'en_GB.utf8' LC_CTYPE 'en_GB.utf8' TEMPLATE template0"
# alternative command: createdb -E UTF8 -l en_GB.utf8 -O postgres -T template0 gis
Check to create the DB within a disk partition where enough disk space is available4. If you need to use a different tablespace than the default one, execute the following commands instead of the previous ones (example: the tablespace has location /tmp/db):
sudo mkdir /mnt/db # Suppose this is the tablespace location
sudo chown postgres:postgres /mnt/db
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "CREATE TABLESPACE gists LOCATION '/mnt/db'"
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "ALTER DATABASE gis SET TABLESPACE gists"
Create the postgis and hstore extensions:
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "\connect gis"
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -d gis -c "CREATE EXTENSION postgis"
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -d gis -c "CREATE EXTENSION hstore"
If you get the following error
ERROR: could not open extension control file "/usr/share/postgresql/9.3/extension/postgis.control": No such file or directory
then you might be installing PostgreSQL 9.3 (instead of 9.5), for which you should also need:
sudo apt-get install postgis postgresql-9.3-postgis-scripts
Install it and repeat the create extension commands. Notice that PostgreSQL 9.3 is not currently supported by openstreetmap-carto.
In order for the application to access the gis database, a DB user with the same name of your UNIX user is needed. Let’s suppose your UNIX ue is tileserver.
psql -d gis -c "create user tileserver;grant all privileges on database gis to postgres;"
psql -d gis -c 'create user "www-data";grant all privileges on database gis to "www-data";'
psql -d gis -c 'ALTER TABLE geometry_columns OWNER TO postgres;'
psql -d gis -c 'ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys OWNER TO postgres;'
If in different host, to remotely access PostgreSQL, you need to edit pg_hba.conf:
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf
and add the following line:
host all all <your IP set>/<your netmask> md5
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5 is an access control rule that let anybody login in from any address if providing a valid password (md5 keyword).
Then edit postgresql.conf:
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/*/main/postgresql.conf
and set listen_addresses = '*'
Finally, the DB shall be restarted:
sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql restart
Check that the gis database is available. To list all databases defined in PostgreSQL, issue the following command:
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -c "\l+"
The obtained report should include the gis database, as in the following table:
| Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gis | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | =Tc/postgres |
| postgres=CTc/postgres | |||||
| tileserver=CTc/postgres |
The default PostgreSQL settings aren’t great for very large databases like OSM databases. Proper tuning can just about double the performance.
Set the postgres user to trust:
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf
# change: local all postgres peer
# to: local all postgres trust
After performing the above change, restart the DB:
sudo service postgresql restart
Run tune-postgis.sh:
export POSTGRES_USER=postgres
export PG_MAINTENANCE_WORK_MEM=256MB
export PG_WORK_MEM=16MB
export psql=psql
cd ~/src
cd openstreetmap-carto
bash scripts/tune-postgis.sh
Whitout setting postgres to trust, the following error occurs: psql: error: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "postgres" when running tune-postgis.sh.
To cleanup the data directory and redo again tune-postgis.sh: rm -rf data.
The PostgreSQL wiki has a page on database tuning.
Paul Norman’s Blog has an interesting note on optimizing the database, which is used here below.
Default maintenance_work_mem and work_mem settings are far too low for rendering.5: both parameters should be increased for faster data loading and faster queries (index scanning).
Conservative settings for a 4GB VM are work_mem=32MB and maintenance_work_mem=256MB. On a machine with enough memory you could set them as high as work_mem=256MB and maintenance_work_mem=1GB.
Besides, important settings are shared_buffers and the write-ahead-log (wal). There are also some other settings you might want to change specifically for the import.
To edit the PostgreSQL configuration file with vi editor:
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/*/main/postgresql.conf
and if you are running PostgreSQL 9.3 (not supported):
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.3/main/postgresql.conf
Suggested minimum settings:
shared_buffers = 128MB
min_wal_size = 1GB
max_wal_size = 2GB
work_mem = 32MB # check comments for better tuning
maintenance_work_mem = 256MB
autovacuum = off
fsync = off
The latter two ones allow a faster import: the first turns off auto-vacuum during the import and allows you to run a vacuum at the end; the second introduces data corruption in case of a power outage and is dangerous. If you have a power outage while importing the data, you will have to drop the data from the database and re-import, but it’s faster. Just remember to change these settings back after importing. fsync has no effect on query times once the data is loaded.
The PostgreSQL tuning adopted by OpenStreetMap can be found in the PostgreSQL Chef Cookbook: the specific PostgreSQL tuning for the OpenStreetMap tile servers is reported in the related Tileserver Chef configuration.
For a dev&test installation on a system with 16GB of RAM, the suggested settings are the following6:
shared_buffers = 2GB
work_mem = 256MB
maintenance_work_mem = 1GB
wal_level = minimal
synchronous_commit = off
min_wal_size = 1GB
max_wal_size = 2GB
checkpoint_segments = 60
checkpoint_timeout = 15min
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9
default_statistics_target = 1000
autovacuum = off
fsync = off
default_statistics_target can be even increased to 10000.
If performing database updates, run ANALYZE periodically.
To stop and start the database:
sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql stop
sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql start
You may get an error and need to increase the shared memory size. Edit /etc/sysctl.d/30-postgresql-shm.conf and run sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/30-postgresql-shm.conf. A parameter like kernel.shmmax=17179869184 and kernel.shmall=4194304 could be appropriate for a 16GB segment size.7
To manage and maintain the configuration of the servers run by OpenStreetMap, the Chef configuration management tool is used.
The configuration adopted for PostgreSQL is postgresql/attributes/default.rb.
Osm2pgsql is an OpenStreetMap specific software used to load the OSM data into the PostGIS database.
The default packaged versions of Osm2pgsql are 0.88.1-1 on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and 0.96.0 on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. Nevertheless, more recent versions are suggested, available at the OpenStreetMap Osmadmins PPA or compiling the software from sources.
To install osm2pgsql:
sudo apt install -y osm2pgsql
To install Osm2pgsql from Osmadmins PPA:
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:osmadmins/ppa
apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv A438A16C88C6BE41CB1616B8D57F48750AC4F2CB
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y osm2pgsql
Go to Get an OpenStreetMap data extract.
This alternative installation procedure generates the most updated executable by compiling the sources.
Install Needed dependencies:
sudo apt-get install -y make cmake g++ libboost-dev libboost-system-dev \
libboost-filesystem-dev libexpat1-dev zlib1g-dev \
libbz2-dev libpq-dev libgeos-dev libgeos++-dev libproj-dev lua5.2 \
liblua5.2-dev
Download osm2pgsql:
mkdir -p ~/src ; cd ~/src
git clone git://github.com/openstreetmap/osm2pgsql.git
Prepare for compiling, compile and install:
cd osm2pgsql
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..
make
sudo make install
cd
You need to download an appropriate .osm or .pbf file to be subsequently loaded into the previously created PostGIS instance via osm2pgsql.
There are many ways to download the OSM data.
The reference is Planet OSM.
It’s probably easiest to grab an PBF of OSM data from geofabrik.
Also, BBBike.org provides extracts of more than 200 cities and regions world-wide in different formats.
Examples:
Map data of the whole planet (32G):
wget -c https://planet.openstreetmap.org/pbf/planet-latest.osm.pbf
Map data of Great Britain (847M):
wget -c https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain-latest.osm.pbf
For just Liechtenstein:
wget https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
wget https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf.md5
# Optionally, the following will xheck that the download wasn't corrupted:
md5sum -c liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf.md5
Another method to download data is directly with your browser. Check this page.
Alternatively, JOSM can be used (Select the area to download the OSM data: JOSM menu, File, Download From OSM; tab Slippy map; drag the map with the right mouse button, zoom with the mouse wheel or Ctrl + arrow keys; drag a box with the left mouse button to select an area to download. The Continuous Download plugin is also suggested. When the desired region is locally available, select File, Save As, <filename>.osm. Give it a valid file name and check also the appropriate directory where this file is saved.
In all cases, avoid using too small areas.
OpenStreetMap is open data. OSM’s license is Open Database License.
The osm2pgsql documentation reports all needed information to use this ETL tool, including related command line options.
osm2pgsql uses overcommit like many scientific and large data applications, which requires adjusting a kernel setting:
sudo sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1
To load data from an .osm or .pbf file to PostGIS, issue the following:
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
export OSM2PGSQL_CACHE=${OSM2PGSQL_CACHE:-512}
export OSM2PGSQL_NUMPROC=${OSM2PGSQL_NUMPROC:-1}
export OSM2PGSQL_DATAFILE=${OSM2PGSQL_DATAFILE:-data.osm.pbf}
osm2pgsql \
--cache $OSM2PGSQL_CACHE \
--number-processes $OSM2PGSQL_NUMPROC \
--hstore \
--multi-geometry \
--database gis \
--slim \
--drop \
--style openstreetmap-carto.style \
--tag-transform-script openstreetmap-carto.lua \
[.osm or .pbf file]
[.osm or .pbf file]: substitute this with your already downloaded .osm or .pbf file, like, e.g., liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf.
With available memory, set export OSM2PGSQL_CACHE=2500; it allocates 2.5 GB of memory to the import process.
Option --create loads data into an empty database rather than trying to append to an existing one.
Relaying to OSM2PGSQL_NUMPROC, if you have more cores available, you can set it accordingly.
The osm2pgsql manual describes usage and all options in detail.
Go to the next step.
If using a different server:
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
HOSTNAME=localhost # set it to the actual ip address or host name
osm2pgsql -s -C 300 -c -G --hstore --style openstreetmap-carto.style --tag-transform-script openstreetmap-carto.lua -d gis -H $HOSTNAME -U postgres [.osm or .pbf file]
Notice that the suggested process adopts the -s (--slim option), which uses temporary tables, so running it takes more diskspace (and is very slow), while less RAM memory is used. You might add --drop option with -s (--slim), to also drop temporary tables after import, otherwise you will also find the temporary tables nodes, ways, and rels (these tables started out as pure
“helper” tables for memory-poor systems, but today they are widely used because they are also a prerequisite for updates).
If everything is ok, you can go to the next step.
Notice that the following elements are used:
Depending on the input file size, the osm2pgsql command might take very long. An interesting page related to Osm2pgsql benchmarks associates sizing of hw/sw systems with related figures to import OpenStreetMap data.
Note: if you get the following error:
node_changed_mark failed: ERROR: prepared statement "node_changed_mark" does not exist
do the following command on your original.osm:
sed "s/action='modify' //" < original.osm | > fixedfile.osm
Then process fixedfile.osm.
If you get errors like this one:
Error reading style file line 79 (fields=4)
flag 'phstore' is invalid in non-hstore mode
Error occurred, cleaning up
or this one:
Postgis Plugin: ERROR: column "tags" does not exist
LINE 8: ...ASE WHEN "natural" IN ('mud') THEN "natural" ELSE tags->'wet...
then you need to enable hstore extension to the db with CREATE EXTENSION hstore; and also add the –hstore flag to osm2pgsql.
Enabling hstore extension and using it with osm2pgsql will fix those errors.
At least 18 GB HD and appropriate RAM/swap is needed for this step (24 GB HD is better). 8 GB HD will not be enough. With 1 GB RAM, configuring a swap is mandatory.
python3 -m pip install psycopg2-binary
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
scripts/get-external-data.py
To cleanup the get-external-data.py procedure and restart from scratch, remove the data directory (rm -r data).
Configure a swap to prevent the following message:
INFO:root:Checking table water_polygons
Killed
The way shapefiles are loaded by the OpenStreetMap tile servers is reported in the related Chef configuration.
Read scripted download for further information.
Create partial indexes to speed up the queries included in project.mml and grant access to all gis tables to avoid renderd errors when accessing tables with user tileserver.
Add the partial geometry indexes indicated by openstreetmap-carto8 to provide effective improvement to the queries:
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
HOSTNAME=localhost # set it to the actual ip address or host name
psql -d gis -f indexes.sql
Alternative mode:
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
scripts/indexes.py | psql -d gis
If using a different host:
HOSTNAME=localhost # set it to the actual ip address or host name
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project # if this directory is missing, start TileMill to create it
cd openstreetmap-carto
scripts/indexes.py | psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -d gis
Alternative mode with a different host:
HOSTNAME=localhost # set it to the actual ip address or host name
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -d gis -f indexes.sql
Create PostgreSQL user “tileserver” (if not yet existing) and grant rights to all gis db tables for “tileserver” user and for all logged users:
psql -d gis <<\eof
REVOKE CONNECT ON DATABASE gis FROM PUBLIC;
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE gis TO "www-data";
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE gis TO "tileserver";
eof
To list all tables available in the gis database, issue the following command:
psql -d gis -c "\dt+"
or:
psql -U postgres -h $HOSTNAME -d gis -c "\dt+"
The database shall include the rels, ways and nodes tables (created with the --slim mode of osm2pgsql) in order to allow updates.
In the following example of output, the --slim mode of osm2pgsql was used:
| Schema | Name | Type | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| public | planet_osm_line | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_nodes | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_point | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_polygon | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_rels | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_roads | table | postgres |
| public | planet_osm_ways | table | postgres |
| public | spatial_ref_sys | table | postgres |
In fact, the tables planet_osm_rels, planet_osm_ways, planet_osm_nodes are available, as described in the Database Layout of Pgsql.
Check The OpenStreetMap data model at Mapbox for further details.
Read custom indexes for further information.
TileMill can open projects found in its project folder, which can be configured within its Settings (check the Documents box of the Application settings, showing the local file path to TileMill projects & exports). By default this directory is created in /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project, where $USER is the actual user that installed the application. The previously described installation procedure already uses that directory to set-up openstreetmap-carto.
In case openstreetmap-carto is installed in another directory (e.g., ~/src/openstreetmap-carto), the easiest way to allow TileMill to show and open the openstreetmap-carto project is to perform a symbolic link between openstreetmap-carto and the TileMill projects folder. Run the following:
cd /home/$USER/Documents/MapBox/project
ln -s ~/src/openstreetmap-carto .
TileMill can be run from the local Ubuntu desktop (including creation of the client window) or as Ubuntu service for remote access.
To start TileMill from the local UI:
cd ~/src/tilemill
./index.js
To run TileMill as an Ubuntu service and configure it to listen for public traffic, you need to find you IP or hostname and use --server=true --listenHost=0.0.0.0 --coreUrl=<IP address>:<server port> --tileUrl=<IP address>:<tile port>.
Generally *
cd ~/src/tilemill
TILEMILL_HOST=`ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr:'| cut -d: -f2 | awk '{ print $1}'` # get my local ethernet IP address
./index.js --server=true --listenHost=0.0.0.0 --coreUrl=${TILEMILL_HOST}:20009 --tileUrl=${TILEMILL_HOST}:20008
You can then access TileMill from a remote browser pointing to *http://
An error message like role … does not exist… might be possibly related to missing environment variables PGUSER, PGPASSWORD, etc. Set these variables and restart TileMill.
The application needs a few seconds to start, so be patient.
Select project Openstreetmap Carto
Give TileMill the time to render the map: accessing the database and rendering images is often a slow process (mainly depending on the amount of data to be managed, but also on the server performance and on the network), so give many seconds to TileMill to output or refresh the map.
Zoom out to the entire world shape (zoom level 1 or to some close zooms like zoom 4), then progressively zoom into the region where you downloaded the map data. You might use the double click and wait for the next zoom level to appear.
You shouldn’t use the text editor built-in to TileMill. Instead, hide the right pane and use an external text editor.
TileMill automatically refreshes the rendering upon any file change, including all .mss and project.mml.
With your browser, access the map through http://localhost:20009
To directly access the project: http://127.0.0.1:20009/#/project/openstreetmap-carto
Notice that Https will not work (use http instead).
Part of the documentation is taken from Openstreetmap-carto Provide installation script #657 and from TileMill. ↩
Information taken from switch2osm. ↩
.travis.yml applies the custom indexes via psql -1Xq -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -d gis -f indexes.sql. Notice that indexes.sql shall be kept up to date with indexes.py and this is also checked by .travis.yml. ↩